Max+Knecht

Isaac Newton  By Max Knecht and Collins Cho Biography [|Isaac Newton]    was born on July 4, 1643 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. His father was a successful farmer, but unfortunately he died three months before Isaac was born.  __His mother later remarried, but Isaac was left in the care of his grandparents. In 1661, Isaac traveled to  __    __[|Cambridge University]__     <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left; display: block;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">   <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left; display: block;">__and started to focus on the fields of mathematics, physics, optics, and astronomy. In 1665 there was an epidemic that struck the university and forced it to close down. Isaac then traveled back to his home town for two years. This gave him time to think about his studies. He started t__ __o develop his theories of gravity and__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__[|fluxions]__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__, more commonly called__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__[|calculus]__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__. In 1667, he traveled back to Cambridge and became a member of__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__[|Trinity College]__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__. It__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">   <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'American Typewriter'; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">was there that he created his  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">       __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|Newtonian Reflecting Telescope]  __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">which brought well deserved attention to him in the scientific community. Then, in the mid 1660s, he created a series of experiments involving optics, which is the study of light and color. In 1704, he published his findings in the "  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|Optics]   <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">". This information came to be very well known, but in 1687 he published his most famous work called "  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|Mathematical of Natural Philosophy]   <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">." This showed how gravity was applied to all objects in all parts of the known universe. He was later made the Pres <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ident of the Royal Society and then Knighted in 1705. He held the presidential office until his death in 1727.

<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);"> __ <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="font-size: 280%; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center; display: block; color: rgb(0, 52, 255);"> What He Did

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">During the mid-1660s,became fascinated with light and how it functioned. To explore his own beliefs on light he decided to experiment on himself by sticking things in his eyeballs to see what would change his  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">view of colors. He began by sticking a toothpick under his eyeballs, and using it to squeeze his eyes to change their shape. He saw some difference b  ut not enough to change the perception of light. Due to the germs on the toothpick, his eyes became infected and he was bedridden for two weeks. In 1669 he was elected as the new [|Lucasian]Professor at Cambridge, so he began to give lectures on the topic of light. During this time period he began to conduct his own experiments. He made the greatest discovery when he bought a glass prism at a state fair and observed what colors came out of it when normal white li <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'American Typewriter'; font-size: 21px; line-height: 26px;">ght was shone through it. This set the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'American Typewriter'; font-size: 21px; line-height: 26px;"> foundation for the study of optics, or the behavior of light. During this experiment, he had proved that white light is composed of every single color mixed together and coined the term spectrum. This was published in 1672 as “[|New Theory about Light and Colors]” in the Royal Society's journal //[|Philosophical Transactions].// Newton wasn’t the only one who was studying the theory of light; [|Robert][|Hooke]and [|Christiaan Huygens]were also. Newton and the duo were constantly arguing over the theories tha                 t Newton created. Robert Hooke said that much of what Newton claimed was not entirely true. Hooke claimed that when Newton invented his 6-inch long reflecting telescopein 1668, he had already made such a device called a “[|pocket tube]” that was approximately one-sixth of size of Newton’s. Newton became so offended that he shied away from intellectuals such as Hooke and any public debates. Finally, in 1704, a year after Robert Hooke’s death, Newton published [|Opticks] (considered one of the best works in scientific history), in which he gave further details about his [|corpuscular theory of light]. Newton’s theory suggested light is composed of small packages of particles instead of waves. But there was a problem with the theory when it came to explaining interference, [|diffraction], and the [|polarization of light], which would not be cleared up until Huygens came along and built off of Newton’s particle theory to create what is now called the [|wave theory].

media type="youtube" key="NU2r-ECmPr4" height="344" width="425" Video of Newton's Prism Experiment__

__ Sources:  __ __ <span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; color: rgb(0, 51, 154); text-decoration: none;">http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/newton/section3.rhtml <span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; color: rgb(0, 51, 154); text-decoration: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton <span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; color: rgb(0, 51, 154); text-decoration: none;">http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47&sr=26 <span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; color: rgb(0, 51, 154); text-decoration: none;">http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/lightexperiments.html <span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; color: rgb(0, 51, 154); text-decoration: none;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/newton_isaac.shtml <span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; color: rgb(0, 51, 154); text-decoration: none;">[|http://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node58.html] <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238);">    http://www.cam.ac.uk/________________ <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">  http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/newton_isaac.shtml http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/en/newton.htm__ **Arnold, Nick. Frightening Light. New York: Scholastic, 1999.

"Newton, Sir Isaac." Encyclopedia Americana. 20th ed. 30 vols. New York: Scholastic, 1965. 299-300.

Hyperlinks**__ http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47______ __<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238);">   [|http://www.maths.uwa.edu.au/~schultz/3M3/L20Newton.html__] <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238);">   __http://www.newton.ac.uk/newtlife.html________ <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238);">   http://www.trincoll.edu/__ <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238);">   __http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/basics/g10areflector/____ <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   http://www.lucasianchair.org/__ <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   __http://www.polybiblio.com/bud/21042.html________ <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/102021/__ <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   __http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html____ <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   [|http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Huygens.html__] <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   __http://www.nmm.ac.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/robert-hooke-the-man-who-knew-everything/*/viewPage/2__________________ <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   __[|http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node58.html__]__ <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   http://library.thinkquest.org/3227/webpage/particle.html____ <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/files/lc/light/light.htm__ <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   __[|http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/opt/mch/diff.rxml____] <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">   http://www.nightlase.com.au/education/optics/light.htm__<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">   __ http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bdaugherty.tripod.com/gcseAstronomy/images/newtonian.jpg&imgrefurl=http://bdaugherty.tripod.com/gcseAstronomy/telescopes.html&usg=__6wSPE9oBHyUqZLWsN5X7Fx8kMVI=&h=194&w=637&sz=10&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=xhsKXGeMn5c1XM:&tbnh=42&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnewtonian%2Btelescope%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us%26sa%3DN http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=66792&rendTypeId=4 http://www.center.k12.co.us/hs/vhs/Julio_Paez/newton.jpg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU2r-ECmPr4 More Information Biography by Max Knecht, works importance by Collins Cho, and edited by Max Knecht
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