Joseph+Willenborg

 MAX BORN (1882-1970) __//** BIOGRAPHY  **//__  [|Max Born]was born on December 11th, 1882 in [|Breslau], Prussia, which later became a part of Poland. His father, [|Gustav]was an anatomy professor and embryologist at the [|University of Breslau]. Born's father was essential in Born's life as he introduced him into the scientific world. Born's mother was Margarete Kaufmann, she died when Max was four years old. Four years later Gustav married Bertha Lipstein. Born's scientific interests were strongly influenced by his father. Born showed a particular interest in mathematics and astronomy. In 1907, with the help of his well-written paper on the elasticity of wires and tapes, Born received a Ph. D. in physics. Born’s short residency with the army gave him an anti-war feeling that would stick with him for the rest of his life. In 1908 Born returned from [|Cambridge University] to Breslau where he learned about Einstein’s theory of relativity . Born married Hedwig Ehrenberg on August 22, 1913 with whom he had three children. In 1915 he was offered a post as an assistant professor at the [|University of Berlin] to work alongside Max Planck . He became director of the university’s physical institute in Gottingen, these were the most productive years of his life. Born shared the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics with [|Walther Bothe] . Born was fired on April 25, 1933 because of Jewish heritage. He spent the following years in England and India. He retired in 1953 and returned to Germany before his death on January 5, 1970. (Born) For information on family members go to the website linked to Max Born.

media type="youtube" key="avDcBJX3uAw" height="344" width="425" <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: 'Lucida Console', Monaco, monospace;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Georgia, serif;">  Born is best known for clarifying multiple ideas in modern <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;">[|Quantum Theory]. He worked with his students <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;">Werner Heisenberg and <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;">[|Pascual Jordan] to develop <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;">[|Matrix Mechanics] which was a new way to explain the <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;">[|Quantum Jump], when an electron instantly jumps <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;"> __Energy-Levels__  . After viewing a paper written by Heisenberg, Born was able to see that Heisenberg's symbolic multiplication was just nothing more than <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;">[|matrix calculus], thus matrix mechanics was "Born". Heisenberg and Born had discovered the first version of <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;">[|quantum mechanics](McEvoy). Matrix Mechanics extended the <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;">Bohr Model by interpreting physical properties like mathamateical equations. What Born considered to be the most important part of his Matrix Mechanics was his equation relating momentum and position, pq-qp = h/2(pi)I, where q is position, p is momentum, and i is an imaginary number. Pq and qp can be the particle in two different places and at different momentums so if pq-qp is 0 then nothing has happened to the particle but if it equals a number, that can be interpreted as a change in the position and momentum of the particle. <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;">Schrodinger put forth an approach, known as wave mechanics, to quantum physics. This was easier to understand than Matrix Mechanics due to its use of visual representation, whereas matrix mechanics purely relied on math and numerals (McEvoy), however physicists wondered if they would be able to interpret the wave function. Born proposed that the square of the wave function should be understood as the probability of finding a particle at a point along the wave. So if you think that the particle is being carried on the wave, the square of the amplitude at that point on the wave is equal to the probability of finding the particle at that location. This is Born’s revision of Schrödinger’s approach to quantum physics. Schrodinger only showed that the particle could be found in a certain area but Born was able to give the probabilitiy of finding the partices position and momentum. Born proposed that in atomic theory all one can use is probability, and brought up the new concept that a certain quantum state exists using purely probability (McEvoy). Still, Born had to follow <span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: center;"><span style="display: inline! important; text-align: left;">Heisenberg's uncertainty principle so at best he could only be 50% sure of the position and 50% sure of the momentum. (Michon)
 * //__ WHAT HE DID __//**



__**   BIBLIOGRAPHY **__ - "Born, Max (1882-1970)." __World of Physics__. 2 vols. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. 70-72.        - McEvoy, J.P. __Introducing Quantum Theory__. Grange Road, Duxford, Cambridge: Icon Books Ltd., 1996. - Michon, Gerard. "Matrix Mechanics." __Final Answers__. July 2005. Numericana. 3 January 2009.- __ http://home.att.net/~numericana/answer/quantum.htm#matrix __ __ Pictures (from top to bottom) __ - [|www.pha.jhu.edu]

- http://termessos.de/Bornengl.htm

- http://www.engin.umich.edu/class/bme456/ch3strain/bme456straindef.htm - http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/images/wave_function.gif __Movie__

[|-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avDcBJX3uAw] . Credits and Further Information: By: Aidan Larson & Joseph Willenborg, both worked on all sections. <span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,56,255); text-align: left;">And For Further Information on any of the topics just click on the hyperlink of the word or phrase one hopes to further study.